下面是小编为大家整理的英语语法知识点6篇(精选文档),供大家参考。
英语语法是针对英语语言进行研究后,系统地总结归纳出来的一系列语言规则。英语语法的精髓在于掌握语言的使用。下面是整理的6篇《英语语法知识点》,希望能对您的写作有一定的参考作用。
1)代词及be动词
主格 I we you you she/he/it they
宾格 me us you you her/him/it them
代词所有格 my our your your her/his/its their
名词性代词 mine ours yours yours hers/his/its theirs
be动词现在时 Am are are are is are
be动词过去时 was were were were was were
2)名词的复数
规则变化的名词复数形式
规则1 一般情况+s e.g. shell→shells toy→toys
规则2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾+es e.g. fox→foxes church→churches
规则3 以o结尾+s或+es e.g. radio→radios potato→potatoes
规则4 以f, fe结尾的,变f, fe为ves e.g. life→lives half→halves
规则5 以辅音字母+y结尾, 变y为i+es e.g. sky→skies study→studies
3)动词的第三人称单数形式
规则1 一般情况+s e.g. like-likes, look-looks
规则2 以s, x, ch, sh和o结尾+es e.g. do-does, catch-catches
规则3 以辅音字母+y结尾, 变y为i+es e.g. carry-carries, fly-flies
4)动词现在分词
规则1 一般动词加-ing e.g. look-looking, read-reading, play-playing
规则2 以不发音的字母结尾的单词去e加-ing e.g. make-making, take-taking, arrive-arriving
规则3 重读闭音节词结尾, 即单词中只有一个元音字母,其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词,双写辅音字母再加-ing e. g. run-running, sit-sitting, get-getting, swim-swimming, stop-stopping
5)动词过去式
规则动词变化
规则1 一般动词加-ed e.g. look-looked, watch-watched, play-played.
规则2 以e结尾的加-d e.g. make-maked, arrive-arrived.
规则3 以辅音字母y结尾的变y为i加-ed cry-cried, carry-carried.
规则4 重读闭音节词结尾, 即单词中只有一个元音字母,其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词,双写辅音字母再加-ed stop-stopped
过去式的读音
在清辅音后面(除外)读/t/ e.g. walked, jumped
在浊辅音和元音后读/d/ e.g. washed, watched
在/t/,/d/后读/id/ e.g. waited, hated
6)形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
比较级
规则1 一般加-er e.g. high-higher
规则2 以e结尾加-r nice-nicer
规则3 以辅音字母加y结尾,变y为i再加-er busy-busier
规则4 重读闭音节结尾, 双写辅音字母再加-er fat-fatter
最高级
规则1 一般加-est e.g. high-highest
规则2 以e结尾加-st nice-nicest
规则3 以辅音字母加y结尾,变y为i再加-est busy-busiest
规则4 重读闭音节结尾, 双写辅音字母再加--est fat-fattest
7)常见缩写:
is='s I am=I'm are='re
is not=isn't /iznt/ are not=aren't /a:nt/
do not=don't
does not=doesn't
was='s
did not=didn't
can not=can't
have='ve
has='s
have not=haven't
has not=hasn't
will='ll
will not=won't
shall not=shan't
第二点:将来完成进行时
将来完成进行时
形式
will/shall have been+现在分词用于第一人称,而 will have been+现在分词用于其他人称。
用法
正如将来完成时一样,它通常与一个以by开头的时间短语连用:
By the end of this year he’ll have been acting for thirty years.
到今年年底他当演员就满30年了。
将来完成进行时与将来完成时的关系和现在完成进行时与现在完成时的关系一样。即在以下情况下可以用将来完成进行时而不用将来完成时:
1. 动作本身就是连续的:
By the end of the month he will have been living/working/studying here for ten years.
到了月底他在这里居住/工作/学习就满十年了。
2. 一种经常进行的动作被表示为连续的动作:
By the end of this month he will have been training horses/climbing mountains for twenty years.
到了这个月底他驯马/登山就满20年了。
但是如果提到所驯马匹或所攀登的山峰的数目,或用任何方式把动作分割为一次又一次的动作,就必须用将来完成时:
By the end of the month he will have trained 600 horses/climbed 50 mountains.
到本月底,他驯服的马就有600匹/攀登的山峰就有50座了
第三点:过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时
表示一个动作从过去某时开始,一直延续到另一个过去时刻,到那个时刻,该动作可能刚刚终止,也有可能还在继续。
形式
had been + V-ing形式
用法
1. 过去完成进行时所表示的动作与过去的时间的关系,可以用时间状语来表示,也可以通过上下文来表示。
例如:
By the end of last month they had been working here for about ten days. 到上个月为止,他们在这里工作大约有十天了。
She said that she had been listening to radio after school. 她说她放学后一直在听收音机。
2. 过去完成时可以表示一个动作已经结束,但其结果仍然影响到过去的某一时刻。
例如:
It had been raining and the street was still wet. 天一直在下雨,街道仍然很湿。
3. 像 work、study、stay、sing、teach等延续性动词与表示一段时间的时间状语连用时,用过去完成进行时可以表示一个动作一直延续到过去某一时刻,通常强调动作的持续性和不间断性。
例如:
She had been studying for two hours when her classmate came to visit her. 当她的同学来看她的时候,她学习有两个小时了。
4. 过去完成进行时与过去进行时的区别:过去进行时主要表示过去某时的一个动作正在进行。例如:
I was writing a letter when she came to see me. 当她来看我时我正在写信。
I had been writing a letter for two hours by the time she came to see me. 当她来看我的时候,我已经写了两个小时的信了。
5. 过去完成进行时与过去完成时的不同:过去完成时表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况,这个过去的时间可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示;或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如:
They had just had breakfast when Tom came in. 汤姆来时,他们刚吃过早饭。
They had been having breakfast for ten minutes when Tom came in. 汤姆来时,他们已经吃了十分钟的早饭了。
第四点:现在完成进行时
现在完成进行的形式
I / we / they have been + 动词的现在分词
He / she / it has been + 动词的现在分词
现在完成进行的功用
1) 表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的行动,如:
Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.
Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
2) 表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的行动,如:
It has been raining for two hours. (现在还在下)
Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.
3) 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在,可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内,重复发生的行动,如:
She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
4) 现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响,而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身,如:
Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.
The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.
注意:
现在完成时有否定结构、而现在完成进行时没有否定结构。
现在完成时态可表示做完的时期以及已有的经验、但现在完成进行时不可以。
现在完成进行时的否定结构
在当代英语中,现在完成进行时有时也可用否定结构。如:
Since that unfortunate accident last week, I haven’t been sleeping at all well. 自从上周发生了那次不幸事故之后,我一直睡得很不好。
He hasn’t been working for me and I haven’t has that much contact with him. 他并没有给我工作过,我和他没有过那许多接触。
否定句构成:
主语+has/have+not+been+现在分词
一般疑问句构成:
Have/has+主语+been+现在分词+其他
第五点:过去将来完成时
过去将来完成时
形式
should / would have done sth.
用法
1、 过去将来完成时表示在过去将来某一时间以前发生的动作,并往往会对过去将来某一时间产生影响。
I thought you'd have left by this time. 我想这会儿你已经走了。
He told them he would have finished it by 8 o'clock. 他告诉他们他会在8点以前干完。
I guessed that Helen would have told her something. 我猜海伦会告诉她一些情况的。
2、 过去将来完成时还常用在虚拟语气中,表示与过去的事实相反。
第六点:过去将来进行时
过去将来进行时:表示就过去某一时间而言,将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作,主要用宾语从句中,尤其多用于间接引语中。
基本用法:
用于间接引语:They said they would be coming.(他们说了他们将要来。)
用于定语从句:The new job he would be taking was raising racing horses.(他将要接受的新工作是养赛马。 )
作用:
1. 过去将来进行时可以表示在过去某一时间之后即将进行的动作:
例如:He said he could not come because he would be having a meeting.(他说他不能来因为要开会。)
2. 过去将来进行时表示在过去将来某一时间正在发生的动作:它常和表过去将来的时间状语连用,但上下文清楚时,时间状语亦可省略。和将来进行时一样,它也常表计划中的事,不表意愿或打算。它还有一个特点,即常用在宾语从句(尤其是间接引语)中。
例如:John told us that Mary would be coming next day.(约翰告诉我们玛丽第二天来。)
3. 过去将来进行时有时也可用在其它从句中:
用在定语从句中:The new name he would be using was Jack Jones.(他将用的新名是杰克琼斯。)
用在状语从句中:He would pay the rest as he would be leaving France.(其余款项,他将在离开法国时付清。)
4. 过去将来进行时也可用在独立句中:
例如:The car started. Ellen James would be driving off to the university.(车子发动了。埃伦詹姆斯要开车到大学去。)
1、 当介词放在关系代词之前时。
2、 在非限制性定语从句中。
3、 当关系代词指整个主句的概念时。
1、一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常和表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作感谢。
2.Be动词在一般过去时中的变化:
⑴am 和is在一般过去时中变为was。(was not=wasnt)
⑵are在一般过去时中变为were。(were not=werent)
⑶带有was或were的句子,其否定、疑问的变化和is, am, are一样,即否定句在was或were后加not,一般疑问句把was或were调到句首。
3、句中没有be动词的一般过去时的句子 否定句:didnt +动词原形,如:Jim didnt go home yesterday. 一般疑问句:在句首加did,句子中的动词过去式变回原形。如:Did Jim go home yesterday? 特殊疑问句:
⑴疑问词+did+主语+动词原形?如: What did Jim do yesterday?
⑵疑问词当主语时:疑问词+动词过去式?如:Who went to home yesterday?
动词过去式变化规则:
1、一般在动词末尾加-ed,如:pull-pulled, cook-cooked
2、结尾是e加d,如:taste-tasted
3、末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ed,如:stop-stopped
4、以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i, 再加-ed,如:study-studied
5、不规则动词过去式: am,is-was, are-were, do-did, see-saw, say-said, give-gave, get-got, go-went, come-came, have-had, eat-ate, take-took, run-ran, sing-sang, put-put, make-made, read-read, write-wrote, draw-drew, drink-drank, fly-flew, ride-rode, speak-spoke, sweep-swept, swim-swam, sit-sat
不定代词
<例句>
I have no idea about it.
对此我一无所知。
<语法分析>
不定代词no在句子中作定语,此外,every也可作定语。除了这两个词外,其他的不定代词既可用作名词也可用作形容词,大多数在句子中可充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和定语等。
<触类旁通>
(1) Someone (somebody) has turned off the light.
有人把灯关了。
语法分析:合成不定代词someone和somebody意思相同,都表示“某人”,但只用于肯定句,在否定句及疑问句中通常用anybody或anyone。
(2) Everybody (everyone) laughed, me included.
大家都笑了,我也笑了。
语法分析:everybody和everyone意思相同,表示“人人”、“大家”。
(3) Did any of your photos come out well?
你的照片洗出来都不错吗?
语法分析:any可代表可数名词或不可数名词名词,在句子中作主语或宾语等,可用于否定句及疑问句,肯定句用some。
(4) She is in no mood (not in a mood) for jokes.
她没有心情说笑话。
语法分析:no可构成否定句,等于not a。
(5) I never saw so many swans on the lake 。
我从未见过湖面上有这么多天鹅。
语法分析:many修饰可数名词,可用在疑问句,否定句及肯定句中,还可与too, so等词连用,much, few及little也可表示数量,与many一样,都可用作定语。
(6) None of us would have said such a thing.
我们谁也不会说出这种话来。
语法分析:none和no一样,都是否定词,none可用作主语、宾语或介词宾语及同位语。
关系代词
<例句>
I met someone who said he knew you.
我遇到一个人,他说他认识你。
<语法分析>
关系代词who代表someone,又引导从句修饰它,同时又在从句中担任主语。关系代词who, whom, whose, that和which可以用来引导定语从句,这类代词都起着三重作用,一是代表前面的名词,二是把从句和它所修饰的词连接起来,三是在从句里也担任一个成分。who和whom都代表人,who在从句中作主语,whom在从句中作宾语或介词宾语。whose在从句中可以作定语。that可以代表人或物,which只能代表物在从句中可充当主语、宾语或介词宾语等。
<触类旁通>
(1) The noise that she made woke everybody up.
她弄出的声音把大家都吵醒了。
语法分析:that代表noise,又引导从句修饰它,在从句中担任made的宾语。
(2) She saw something in the paper which might interest you.
她在报纸上看到的一些消息,或许会使你感兴趣。
语法分析:which代表something,又引导从句修饰它,在从句中担任主语。
(3) The girl with whom I was travlling didn't speak English.
和我一起旅行的那个女孩不会讲英语。
语法分析:whom代表人,在从句中作宾语或介词宾语。
(4) I saw a film whose name I have forgotten.
我看了一部电影,名字却忘了。
语法分析:whose有时指无生命的东西。
(5) Who's the man (that) you were talking to?
刚才和你讲话的人是谁?
语法分析:在从句作宾语时,that常可以省略。
(6) The situation in which she found herself was very difficult.
她的处境非常困难。
语法分析:在紧跟介词时,只能用which,不能用that,而且不能省略。
不定代词:凡不是用来指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。不定代词代替名词或形容词。在句中可用作主语,宾语,表语和定语。不定代词包括:
some,any,no,every
-thing:something,anything,nothing,everything
-one:someone,anyone,anything,everyone
-where:somewhere,anywhere,anywhere,everywhere
-body:somebody,anybody,nobody,everybody
例子:
1)Help!Somebody?Anybody?
2)Where did you go?I went nowhere.
3)Nobody is athome.
4)You are really something.
5)I looked for my book everywhere,but I cant find it anywhere.
6)If you want to go somewhere,if you want to be someone,you must wake up.
7)Since everybody is here,lets begin our class.
以上就是为大家带来的6篇《英语语法知识点》,希望对您有一些参考价值,更多范文样本、模板格式尽在。
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